Latent variable modeling comprises a suite of methodologies that infer unobserved constructs from observable indicators, thereby enabling researchers to quantify abstract phenomena across diverse ...

Latent factors are variables that cannot be observed directly but can be inferred from a set of observable variables. For example, in psychology, bad conduct (latent factor) can be measured by how ...

Status, Challenges, and Enhancement Strategies. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 14, 109-128. doi: 10.4236/jss.2026.143008 . Amidst the sweeping wave of global digital transformation in education, ...