In 2009 researchers found an "ionization surprise" that defied explanation. Until that time, it had been commonly thought that the ionization of atoms by strong laser fields was well-understood, but ...

Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license. Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a promising, sustainable, and ...

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable analytical technique contributing towards both fundamental research and real-life applications thanks to its high detection sensitivity, and specificity. The ...

Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license. Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator. Inhalation as a route for administering drugs and dietary supplements has garnered ...

Astronomers tallying up all the normal matter—stars, galaxies and gas—in the universe today have come up embarrassingly short of the total matter produced in the Big Bang 13.6 billion years ago. In ...

ionization the example oxygen. the process in which a neutral atom or molecule gains or loses electrons and thus acquires a negative or positive electrical charge. The charged particles in the ...