Pre-splitting blasting technique is a method employed in rock excavation to create a fracture plane ahead of the main blasting zone. It involves drilling a line of closely spaced holes along the desired contour, typically using smaller diameter drill bits. These holes are then charged with explosives, but the detonation sequence is carefully controlled to ensure that the fractures propagate smoothly and evenly along the designated plane. Pre-splitting helps in achieving a smooth excavation face,

Blasting techniques in rock tunnels involve strategically drilling a series of holes into the rock face, which are then filled with explosives. These explosives are detonated in a carefully planned sequence to maximise rock fragmentation and control the shape and size of the tunnel. The flexibility of the drill and blast method in rock tunnels is one of its greatest advantages. It allows for adaptation to varying geological conditions, accommodating changes in rock type, hardness, and structural